We have tried to implement the following snippet to display product images on the Woocommerce emails https://w3programmings.com/how-to-add-image-to-woocommerce-order-emails/
The product images show when the XStore core plugin is not active like this https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YFLh8DYD3XmEUXkHaBeDGDxQY0WFk9B4/view?usp=sharing
When the plugin is active the images on the email shows like this https://drive.google.com/file/d/1At8IKy_P62ectlFkpFRMT8UCkjMDy5Ps/view?usp=sharing
We already Troubleshoot by disabling all the plugins, we came to the conclusion by having only this plugin active and Woocommerce and the issue still happens, we have tried on the parent and the child theme.